Mobile geolocation data provide new opportunities to understand processes of neighborhood change and the dynamics of community connectedness, but introduce significant social, ethical, and computational challenges. Our work in this area leverages large-scale data to identify, model, and analyze mobility behavior and emergent community networks, while developing privacy-preserving approaches to geolocational analytics. Recent and ongoing studies examine disparities in green space utilization and its influence on community well-being, neighborhood change prediction and new measures of integration, and real-time population dynamics to supplement existing survey-based census methods.